Spatial Computing for Architecture and the Built Environment: Concepts, System Architectures, and Emerging Applications

Abstract

Purpose – This work looks at spatial computing as a fast-developing area in architecture and design that puts digital information directly into the physical environment. It aims to make clear the concept, review existing research, and analyze the implications for design representation, collaboration, building operations, and urban planning.

Method – This study adopted a conceptual and systems-oriented research approach based on an integrative literature review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 reporting guideline. Peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers, technical publications, and selected industry sources were systematically identified, screened, and synthesized to examine spatial computing concepts, enabling technologies, system architectures, workflow applications, and governance frameworks relevant to architecture and the built environment.

Results – The analysis indicates that spatial computing supports embodied visualization, shared spatial reference frames, digital twins, and real-time performance feedback across the built-environment lifecycle. These capabilities improve design communication, accelerate stakeholder collaboration, strengthen lifecycle continuity, and enable more adaptive and data-driven environments. However, technical challenges—including tracking accuracy, latency, and interoperability—as well as ethical concerns relating to privacy, surveillance, and digital inclusion require careful governance.

Conclusion – Spatial computing shifts human–computer interaction from screen-based interfaces to embodied spatial experiences. Its integration with artificial intelligence and digital twin technologies enables more responsive, context-aware, and adaptive built environments. Effective governance and human-centered design remain essential for its responsible adoption.

Recommendations – A hybrid edge-cloud architecture should be adopted by practitioners; interoperability standards should be prioritized, and safety and transparent user-centric design should be factored in. Researchers focusing on long-term objective evaluation, collaboration among multiple users, and ethical design frameworks are recommended.

Research Implications – This study contributes a conceptual framework that positions spatial computing as a socio-technical interaction infrastructure rather than a standalone technology, providing a foundation for future research in architecture and the built environment.

Practical Implications – Findings from this research will guide architects, engineers, and planners in bringing together immersive visualization, digital twins, and artificial intelligence into real workflows while managing the complexity of the integration, including cost, technical, and social risk factors.

Social Implications – The responsible deployment of spatial computing can improve involvement, multiple user access, and responsiveness of the environment in urban areas; if this is not properly governed, there will be a reinforcement of surveillance and digital inequality risk.